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[quote]In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

In context of the subject of the forum, the work of Sandra Witelson is on the AUTOPSY (post mortem examination) findings of the brain NOT the living one but if have any pre-autopsy clinical data why not she is confident and displaying for the purpose rather than to have the assumptions on the basis of Anatomy and Histology of the two brains.

What actually she pointed out was the gross anatomical (structural) similarity, which I had already pointed out in some post earlier “There is hardly any anatomical difference seen by the naked eye, among the brain of men, women and the eunuchs except some difference of the size according to that of the skull” After using her naked eye, when she put slides of the brain tissue under the microscope she found some typical histological differences between the two sex i.e. the females had more dendrites (AFFERENT Limb NOT the EFFERENT one) making connections with the axons.

This increased number of dendrites is under the influence of female hormone-Estrogens, may be as a compensatory phenomenon VS that of men having less dendrites (none compensation), while the male hormone- Testosterone lacks this function. These two hormones are present even at the time of intrauterine life otherwise the sex differentiation can never be made, showing that the differences are present since birth. Although present since birth the level of these two sex hormones is increased much at the time of puberty to cause the typical changes while their derangements causes the eunuchs like features.

Another similarity she described is that of the two cerebral hemispheres (right and left) of the same individual BUT The left cerebral hemispheres is dominant in the right handed person and the vice versa. The paragraph is as following.

“The TWO HEMISPHERES (right and left) of the brain are almost symmetrical physically but can seem to be separate minds when it comes to awareness and mental processing. They even have different problem-solving styles, researchers report. Yet they WORK TOGETHER seamlessly to produce a single mind” Her this work was after her saying, “How does the structure of the brain influence intelligence?”

Regarding her sentence on the basis of  “Women's brains, for instance, SEEM TO BE faster and more efficient than men's” I have already pointed out in my posts earlier that women may be more intelligent and it is our observation that they not the sometimes but often obtain more marks in the examinations BUT actually this was not at all the subject of our discussion.

If it is said, Witelson determined that brain volume decreased with age among men, but hardly at all among women. Moreover, those anatomical changes appeared to be closely tied to a gradual decline in mental performance in men. "There is something going on in the male brain," she said, "that is not going on in the female brain." is NOT IN GENERAL. It is only in context of some diseases of brain, which are more common in men like some other diseases, which are more common in the females.

HAVE YOU NOT READ in the controversies??

She herself remained in doubt. See below HER OWN CONTROVERSIES.

1.	Once she said, “Witelson is convinced that gender shapes the anatomy of male and female brains in separate but EQUAL WAYS BEGINNING AT BIRTH but afterwards she said, “The brains of men and women are indeed DIFFERENT FROM BIRTH”. What is this??

2.	 “She turned again to the brains in her refrigerator. Wherever she looked, she began to see evidence of how microanatomy might underlie variations in mental abilities”. What is this??

OTHER CONTROVERSIES.

1.	IN RESPONSE TO HER SENTENCE, “What is astonishing to me," Witelson said, "is that it is so obvious that there are sex differences in the brain and these are likely to be translated into some cognitive differences, because the brain helps us think and feel and move and act” 
       The neuroscientist RICHARD HAIER SAID,
      “If you find that men and women have fundamentally different brain architectures while still accomplishing the same things, WHO CONDUCTED THE STUDY, "this CHALLENGES the ASSUMPTION that all human brains are fundamentally the same.

2.	“Yet, for the most part, scientists have been unable to document such patterns conclusively”

3.	 If it is said, “No one, however, had scrutinized as many brains as Witelson” then she is here herself admitting her limitations of accuracy of the results as the following.

a)	“In an era when people probe the thought process with scanners, radioactive tracers and super-conducting sensors, Witelson's approach was deliberately OLD-FASHIONED”.

b)	“Witelson could conduct comparative brain studies on an UNPRECEDENTED scale”

BY THE WAY

Why did Witelson deliberately use the old-fashioned techniques in the presence of scanners, radioactive tracers and super-conducting sensors and why not she is relying on pre-autopsy clinical data which was sufficient for the purpose rather than to have the assumptions on the basis of Anatomy and Histology of the two brains?

CONCLUSIONS:

AFTER HER OWN CONTROVERSIES AND EVEN THOSE OF OTHERS

Especially the neuroscientist Richard Haier who said, “If you find that men and women have fundamentally different brain architectures while still accomplishing the same things, WHO CONDUCTED THE STUDY, “this challenges the ASSUMPTION that all human brains are fundamentally the same”, AND, “Yet, for the most part, scientists have been unable to document such patterns (devised by Witelson) conclusively”

Ultimately she surrendered herself before the facts and could not defend herself in the world when faced the people knowing and researching more than her and the international literature and formulated the conclusion with her own hands as the following.

SHE, ULTIMATELY, FORMULATED THE FOLLOWING THEORY

“Slowly, she formed a theory: The brains of men and women are indeed different from birth. Yet the differences are subtle. They might be found only among the synapses in brain structures responsible for SPECIFIC COGNITIVE ABILITIES”

These specific DIFFERENCES are due to:

1.	In the males, two testes which are extra-abdominal responsible for the masculinization.

2.	In the females, two ovaries which are intra-abdominal responsible for the feminization.

The differences can only be abolished when both the gonads have the same anatomy, gross as well as the macroscopic, and the physiology etc.

And see below what God says and what facts reveal because He knows better than us:

“The evidence of prostration to Adam (Aleh slam) NOT Eve, the commandment regarding the women testimony, divorce, beating the wife and the intellectual level of the women certified by Quran different from that of men who were against the truth and no evidence of woman prophet, reflect the difference of intellect too between men and women”

QUOTE: Anyway, I suggest that you all read this report for the sake of gaining knowledge. These scientists have done decades of research so please respect their views and work.

Such things are NOT NEW for me but for the laymen and laywomen. Mind it, the link favours my arguments not yours. You misunderstood it like some advertisements on the TV, newspapers etc which dazzle the common men and common women but not the technical ones who laugh.

QUOTE: Its nice to hear that evidence seems to show that in terms of intelligence and intellect men and women are the same.

Read the link again as well as my post in detail otherwise gets proper training in the research methodology and then gives your opinion.

QUOTE: We all agree to disagree.

How many, less than 5 or more? Take the majority with you and go ahead in the world, if you do not fail and do others throw your views in a huge dustbin.

A QUESTION (By the way):

What is the practical application, if after just A FEW men and women, the people all over the world say verbally about the subject what you want?

Out of thousands, SEE THE FOLLOWING LINKS (With some of its text below):

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n11/mente/eisntein/cerebro-homens.html

By Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD

That men and women are different, everyone knows that.

But, aside from external anatomical and primary and secondary sexual differences, scientists know also that there are many other subtle differences in the way the brains from men and women process language, information, emotion, cognition, etc.

One of the most interesting differences appear in the way men and women estimate time, judge speed of things, carry out mental mathematical calculations, orient in space and visualize objects in three dimensions, etc. In all these tasks, women and men are strikingly different; with many more males, as they are too in the way their brains process language.

On the other hand, women are better than men in human relations, recognizing emotional overtones in others and in language, emotional and artistic expressiveness, esthetic appreciation, verbal language and carrying out detailed and pre-planned tasks. For example, women generally can recall lists of words or paragraphs of text better than men.

http://www.sfn.org/content/Publications/BrainBriefings/gender.brain.html

“Other research suggests that, on average, the female brain performs better on some skills while the male brain executes other tasks AT A HIGHER LEVEL. For example, tests show that women generally can recall lists of words or paragraphs of text better than men. On the other hand, men usually perform better on tests that require the ability to mentally rotate an image in order to solve a problem”

It must be remembered that these are not the only but thousands of more links.

NOTE: If you have neither the Islamic knowledge nor that of science, stop speaking like an ignorant or layman and laywoman. It is nowhere in Islam that man and women are equal in all aspect even the intellect, and the translations and the interpretations made by a just a few scholars are more than 100% WRONG because there is a real compatibility of the natural scientific facts and the saying of God otherwise we indirectly do not accept the truthfulness of His sayings. So the facts in the Quran and the facts of the Universe can NEVER be different which some people try to forge but the truthfulness finds its way itself, Subhan-Allah.

QUOTE: Brother Oosman you can believe anything you like your belief DOES NOT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE. It is not same brain! We are in 21ST CENTURY so INSTEAD OF "THINKING" AND MAKING guesses, see what research tells us. This has been scientifically proved that there is major difference between male and female brain you find these studies on the website NOT FROM MULLAS but from WESTERN UNIVERSITIES, you will find hundreds of such research if not thousand (Askhalifa February 13, 2005)

Thank you brother Askhalifa. You are requested to please teach them few words of the technical language too so that they may understand if meet the requirements.

CONCLUSION:

Although women are faster in some aspects but in general men have more intellectual level. It must also be remembered that the differences are natural and the purpose of the work on the brain is never to label any one superior or inferior but to discover new ways to explore the brain differences in the benefit of the treatment of diseases, the personalized action of drugs, different procedures in surgeries, etc.

If some one disagrees, Is willing, for example, to suggest to give women the same treatment strategy proposed by the scientists as that of the men OR, Are women willing to take the same treatment as that of the men??

Wassalam with the saying of God:

·	You who believe! Surely from among your wives and your children there is an enemy to you; therefore beware of them. (64: 14).

·	And they who (who repents, believes and do a good deeds) say: O our Lord! Grant us in our wives and our offspring the joy of our eyes, and make us guides to those who guard (against evil) (25: 74).[/quote]

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